Systems of Agriculture Farming in the Uttranchal Himalaya, India     

VishwambharPrasadSati 《山地科学学报》2005,2(1):76-85

Agricultural practices are the main stay of the people of Uttranchal. Out of the total population,more than 75% people are engaged either with the main occupation of agriculture or its allied practices,dominated by traditional subsistence cereal farming.Among them, the main crops are rice, wheat, millet,barley, all types of pulses, all types of oilseeds and almost all types of fruits. The crops, vegetables and fruits of all varieties are grown in the different climatic zones such as tropical, temperate, and cold because, the region is characterized by the different altitudinal zones elevated from 200 m to more than 8000m. As a result, different climates are found from hot tropical to sub temperate and chilly cold. Pulses varieties are grown extensively. Among vegetables,potato, onion, carrot, all types of green leaf vegetables,brinzal, pumpkin, ladyfinger, pea, gram, radish,ginger, garlic, etc, are grown widely. All fruit varieties are grown in the different altitudinal zones. The mainfruits are orange, malta (a big size of orange),elephant citrus, lemon and all other types of citrus,apple, stone fruits including peach and pears, manykinds of nuts, and the fruits which are grown in the low lying areas. In spite of feasible climatic conditions,agricultural dominant society, and availability of all types of crops, the production and productivity of these crops are very low, even they are unable to meet the grain-need of the people in Uttaranchal. Agricultural crops are grown almost in all the altitudinal zones -- from the low-lying areas, which are called ‘Ga. ngarh‘, to the highly elevated region,where the legendary term is given as ‘Danda‘. The growing seasons vary according to the heights. The present paper aims to discuss the agricultural practices including cropping season, cropping pattern,land use, production of cropsagricultural system in thisand ecological aspect of Himalayan state and suggest some measures for developing farming system,which could lead the sustainability, in terms of meeting the food grain needs of the people on the one hand and restoring the ecological balance on the other.  相似文献   

Incorporating ancillary data to refine anthropogenically modified overland flow paths     

Guy D. Duke  Stefan W. Kienzle  Dan L. Johnson  James M. Byrne 《水文研究》2006,20(8):1827-1843

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A relook at NEH‐4 curve number data and antecedent moisture condition criteria     

Surendra Kumar Mishra  Vijay P. Singh 《水文研究》2006,20(13):2755-2768

This paper investigates the variation of the popular curve number (CN) values given in the National Engineering Hand Book–Section 4 (NEH‐4) of the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) with antecedent moisture condition (AMC) and soil type. Using the volumetric concept, involving soil, water, and air, a significant condensation of the NEH‐4 tables is achieved. This leads to a procedure for determination of CN for gauged as well as ungauged watersheds. The rainfall‐runoff events derived from daily data of four Indian watersheds exhibited a power relation between the potential maximum retention or CN and the 5‐day antecedent rainfall amount. Including this power relation, the SCS‐CN method was modified. This modification also eliminates the problem of sudden jumps from one AMC level to the other. The runoff values predicted using the modified method and the existing method utilizing the NEH‐4 AMC criteria yielded similar results. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

和田河流域水资源与生态环境变化及其对策研究   总被引：8，自引：1，他引：7  

刘志辉  谢永琴  穆建军  樊夙昱 《干旱区地理》1999,22(3):51-56

和田河流域光,热,水、土地资源丰富,农牧业 潜力很大,然而该流域生态环境极其脆弱,环境灾害多发,水资源开发利用及区域发展不可避免地其生态环境产生很大影响。本文从多个侧面阐述了该流域水资源与生态环境的相互关系和影响,并提出了相应的对策和建议。  相似文献   

Constrction of watershed flood disaster management information system and its application to the catastrophic flood of the Yangtze River in 1998     

CHENDe-qing  HUANG Shi-feng  YANG Cun-jian 《地理学报(英文版)》1999,(2)

lintroductionFlooddi~rbringsaboutgreatdamagestopropellesandseriouslossoflives.InChina,onetenthofterritory,500billionPeople,3300X104haofculhvatedland.morethan100largeandndddiecihesand70%ofindusthalandagricultoloutputvaluearethreatenedbyfloodings'l.Watershedflooddisastermanagementconcernsmonitoringandforecastingflood,assessingtheflooddamageandfloodcontrolanddiSasterreduchondecision-makinginthescopeofthewholewatershed.RemotesensingandGeographicalinfonnahonSystemarepowerfultoolstoconstIUctWate…  相似文献   

PHYSICAL PROCESS BASED SOIL EROSION MODEL IN A SMALL WATERSHED IN THE HILLY LOESS REGION     

CAI Qiangguo 《国际泥沙研究》1998,(2)

ＰＨＹＳＩＣＡＬＰＲＯＣＥＳＳＢＡＳＥＤＳＯＩＬＥＲＯＳＩＯＮＭＯＤＥＬＩＮＡＳＭＡＬＬＷＡＴＥＲＳＨＥＤＩＮＴＨＥＨＩＬＬＹＬＯＥＳＳＲＥＧＩＯＮ１ＣＡＩＱｉａｎｇｇｕｏ２ＡＢＳＴＲＡＣＴＡｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌｐｒｏｃｅｓｂａｓｅｄｐｅｒｓｔｏｒｍ...  相似文献   

陕西神府矿区束鸡沟流域风蚀水蚀交互作用特征研究   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  

高学田 《干旱区地理》1998,21(1):34-39

以神府矿区束鸡沟为典型小流域,讨论了风蚀水蚀交互作用的时空分布及其特征。风蚀水蚀交互作用在沙质坡面,坡面切沟和沙质沟道区表现最为突出,并形成了风蚀水蚀交互作用特有的侵蚀形态。  相似文献   

浙江省小流域山洪灾害临界雨量确定方法分析   总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10  

叶勇  王振宇  范波芹 《水文》2008,28(1):56-58

小流域山洪灾害具有突发性,预测预警难度较大.本文结合浙江省小流域山洪灾害防御的实践经验,研究提出了以水位反推法计算临界雨量,简单实用,具有较好的实践价值和推广意义.  相似文献   

白沙河流域地下水及营养盐向海湾输送   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

朱新军  刘贯群  王淑英  向勇 《中国海洋大学学报(自然科学版)》2005,35(1):67-72

根据白沙河流域自然地理和水文地质特征 ,在大量室内外试验的基础上分别运用水量均衡法、断面法和咸淡水界面法 ,估算了白沙河流域地下水向海湾的输送水量及营养盐输送量。 3种方法估算的结果表明 ,白沙河流域地下水向海湾输送量较大且受降雨影响显著 ,丰水年 (1998年 )地下水入海量高达 2 .2× 10 6m3 ,是枯水年 (1992年 )入海量的 2倍。另外 ,农田灌溉及大气降雨淋滤土壤中所施肥料使该区地下水中营养盐浓度 (尤其是硝酸盐氮浓度 )严重超过了饮用水水质标准 ,每年有 (4～ 11)× 10 6mol硝酸盐氮随地下水入海 ,相比之下 ,可溶性二氧化硅含量稳定 ,氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、总磷含量较低 ,排海量较少。  相似文献   

Eco-compensati on in Guanting Reservoir Watershed Based on Spatiotemporal Variations of Water Yield and Purification Services     

WEN Yihui  LIU Guihuan  WU Rui 《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2018,9(4):416-425

Guanting Reservoir (GR) is one of the most important water sources for Beijing and neighboring regions. Due to water pollution, it was withdrawn from the system to supply Beijing drinking water; however, after a thorough treatment process, GR was made a reserve water source since 2007. To develop a comprehensive and quantitative analysis of water yield and purification services in the GR watershed, this study selected two time periods: the period when GR was withdrawn from the system supplying local drinking water and the period that it has been designated a reserve water source. The InVEST model was used to evaluate the quantities of water yields, and total nitrogen and total phosphorus outputs from 1995 to 2010 Additionally, the spatiotemporal variations of water yield services and water quality purification services in the GR watershed were analyzed. The results showed that water yield services in the GR watershed first weakened and then became stronger, but weakened overall during the years 1995 to 2010. Water yield capacity in the basin decreased from 1.89×109 m³ in 1995 to 1.43×109 m³ in 2010 (a drop of 24.0% in total). Water quality purification services also showed the same tendency. Total nitrogen output decreased from 4028.7 t in 1995 to 3611.4 t in 2010, while total phosphorus decreased from 379.7 t in 1995 to 354.0 t in 2010. Nitrogen and phosphorus purification services were enhanced by 10.4% and 6.8%, respectively. Changes in the climate and land use were the main factors which lead to the changes in the water yield service in the GR watershed. Policies intended to protect water resource have matched the varying trends of water quality purification services during different periods. On one hand, the research results provide a foundation to identify key fields for eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin. On another hand, the ecosystem service value will increase on the basis of eco-compensation criteria through setting the scenarios of returning farmland to forest and ecological protection. This method directly reflects increases in ecosystem service values that have occurred since measures to protect the ecological environment have been implemented. This method is more persuasive and feasible than using eco-compensation criteria based on regional ecosystem service values determined by land use/ coverage type. It can provide a new way to assess eco-compensation in the Guanting Reservoir basin and other regions.  相似文献